The UK and the European Union have experienced a turbulent relationship over the years, shaped by economic ties, political disagreements, and, ultimately, Brexit.

While the UK’s departure from the EU in 2020 ushered in a new era of independence, it also introduced significant challenges, from trade disruptions to strained diplomatic ties. Now, as leaders prepare for the UK-EU summit on May 19, 2025, there is an opportunity to reshape their relationship. With discussions expected on defence, trade, and foreign policy, this summit could signal a shift toward pragmatic cooperation—one that maintains the UK’s sovereignty while strengthening European collaboration. The question remains: Can both sides move past Brexit-era tensions to forge a productive partnership?

A Brief History of UK-EU Relations

The UK's relationship with the European Union has always been complex, defined by decades of both integration and friction. The UK joined the European Economic Community in 1973, benefiting from the unified European trade market. However, concerns over sovereignty, migration, and economic regulations fueled rising Euroscepticism, culminating in the historic referendum of 2016, where 51.9% of voters chose to leave the EU. This decision led to years of negotiations and the UK's formal departure on January 31, 2020, followed by a transition period until December 31, 2020. The resulting Trade and Cooperation Agreement established fundamental trade and regulatory rules but left key areas such as defence, mobility, and foreign policy open to further negotiation.

Brexit’s Impact and the Shifting Landscape

Since Brexit, relations between the UK and EU have been pragmatic but strained. Trade barriers have significantly impacted British businesses, with exports to the EU declining between 6% and 30% depending on the sector. Small businesses, in particular, have struggled with new customs checks and regulatory challenges. Brexit has contributed to an estimated 4% reduction in UK GDP, prompting growing calls for trade flexibility and reform. Politically, the UK has undergone a shift with Prime Minister Keir Starmer and his Labour government now seeking a more cooperative approach, focusing on strengthening security and trade agreements while maintaining independence from the single market.

The Upcoming UK-EU Summit: A Chance for Reset

The UK-EU summit on May 19, 2025, is expected to redefine cooperation in key areas. Defence and security will be a major focus, with leaders including Keir Starmer, Ursula von der Leyen, Charles Michel, and Foreign Secretary David Lammy involved in discussions. A formal defence agreement could lead to joint industrial projects, intelligence-sharing, and coordinated military spending, strengthening European security while reducing reliance on US support. The British Chambers of Commerce has pushed for UK defence firms to gain access to EU procurement contracts, potentially generating between £5 billion and £10 billion in industry growth.

Trade and Economic Collaboration: Room for Growth

Trade negotiations remain a challenge, particularly regarding the proposed "fish-for-food" agreement, balancing EU access to UK waters with relaxed food export regulations. The British Chambers of Commerce has outlined several trade priorities, including reducing export barriers for SMEs and improving mobility schemes for young professionals. While the UK remains opposed to reinstating freedom of movement, controlled programs for youth mobility and professional qualifications recognition are under discussion.

Foreign Policy and Aid: A Critical Gap

Beyond defence and trade, foreign policy cooperation has been minimal since Brexit. The UK and EU share strategic interests, particularly in supporting Ukraine and responding to Russian threats, but analysts argue that a formal diplomatic framework would provide greater alignment on global security issues, energy policies, and trade disputes. Structured agreements in these areas could improve long-term political stability and cooperation.

Looking Ahead: A Pragmatic Partnership?

As the summit approaches, expectations remain cautious. A joint declaration on support for Ukraine, energy security, and trade is expected, but significant breakthroughs may be limited. The UK’s strategy under Starmer signals a shift toward pragmatism, emphasizing structured agreements without rejoining EU institutions. The future of UK-EU relations will depend on whether both sides can move beyond Brexit-era tensions and establish lasting cooperation in defence, trade, and global diplomacy. Whether this summit marks a genuine turning point remains uncertain, but the momentum suggests a slow but steady path toward renewed engagement.

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